Graduate Study of Clinical Psychology :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Graduate Study of Clinical Psychology   My dedication to the field of psychology is evident in the various activities in which I am involved. I am a student affiliate of the American Psychological Association, as well as a student member of the Iowa Psychological Association. I shake been actively involved in the community as a volunteer workings with patients, families, and staff in the emergency room of a local hospital. I have been a devoted member of the psychology club for two years and am shortly serving my first year as an officer (Vice-president of Special Events). Finally, I have been a teaching assistant under the supervision of Dr. Frank Barrios, clinical psychologist, and Dr. jack Yates, cognitive psychologist, both of the University of Northern Iowa, where I have had such responsibilities as preparing and grading exams and essays, holding office hours, working with individual students, assisting students with assignments and presentations, and answering each ques tions students may have about the material. Not only do I feel confident about my preparation in psychology, I am also working toward a minor in sociology, acquiring knowledge of the human relations that exist between the individual and the community.   In addition to these activities, I have been involved in research under the supervision of Dr. Augustine Osman, clinical psychologist, University of Northern Iowa. Currently, I am working on three separate measures that will shortly be submitted for publication. One is an attempt to validate a measure concerning pain and is entitled, The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties. The second is an effort to narrate between anxiety and depression in a college sample. And the third is an attempt to differentiate between anxiety and depression in a clinical sample. apt(p) Dr. Osmans excellent record of previous publications, I fully expect for these articles to be accepted for publication and f or myself to be listed as co-author on all of them. done my experience with research, I have been involved in data entry and collection, interpretation of data using SPSS, as well as scoring of the MMPI-2.   To succeed applied experience in the field of clinical psychology, I decided to obtain an internship. To accomplish this, I approached the program facilitator of the mental health unit at Covenant Medical Center in Waterloo, Iowa. I spent the summer of 1996 carrying out this voluntary internship under the supervision of Dennis Feltz, LMHC, while gaining hands-on experience working with both the adolescent and the adult populations.

Segregration the Past, Present, And Future... :: essays research papers

"Know ye not why We created yo al from the same dust? That no one should extol himself over the other. Ponder at all times in your hearts how ye were created. Since we have created you all from the same substance it is incumbent on you to be purge as one soul, to walk with the same feet, eat with the same mouth, and dwell in the same land..."                              -God                                        Bahai Writing     Would God categorize his children? That is a dubiety that I believe most would give a simple and direct answer No. Would the United States categorize her children? Although the Amendment suggests that all men and women are created equal, the fact is that the citizens of the United States are constantly being classified by race, gender, and/or ethnicity. So, if indeed the United States is one nation under God, why do we extend to sort ourselves though unreasonable and unethical factors. The misinterpretation of race has shattered the American society and for all that it stands for. We should correct Americas immoral actions and assumptions that separate Gods children in intrust of reforming the United States toward equality.     Race has always been an American issue. When the Europeans landed on the New World and saw an indigenous person he immediately him or her a savage. In time, the original "savages" or inhabitants of the land were made an inferiority to the white men and later wiped out. But later on, a more deeper insatisfaction of race took place. The African-Americans were brought into the " supernumerary" America as slaves. They too were considered an inferiority race. The idea of "race" is a human creation (Hacker, 4). People of the world have given themselves names handle Caucasian, Anglo, Hispanic, Asian, and African-American. The names "Black" and "White" are quite exaggerated. It is obvious that no skin color even comes close to "Black" or to "White." Now tone is a distinction between people. Lack of smart character is what led us to a history too ugly to ever repeat itself.          I would say racism started when Christopher Columbus called the indian a "savage." Later on, it evolved when the African-Americans came to America. They were treated with much inferiority and humiliation. They were bought and sold like old furniture. It would take years earlier a man with the right power and courage would stand up for these e people. This man was Abraham Lincoln.

Isaiah 10:1-6 The Hebrews Prophets: Isaiah & Amos :: essays research papers

Isaiah 101-6 The Hebrews Prophets"Woe to those who make unjust laws, to those who issue oppressive decrees , todeprive the poor of their rights and withhold justice from the loaded of mypeople. Making widows their prey and robbing the fatherless. What will you doon the day of the reckoning, when disaster comes from afar? To whom will yourun for help? Where will you leave your riches? zip fastener will remain but tocringe among the captives, of fall among the slain.. Yet for all this his angeris not turned away. His hand is still upraised. Woe to the Assyrian, the rodof my anger, in whose hand is the club of the wrath I send him against adeityless nation, I dispatch him against a people who anger me, to seize loot andsnatch, and to trampling them down like mud in the streets."These writings, from the enscriptures of the bible some say philosophical,inspire mystery, wonder and the relation to how true they are. I have amonotheistic way of thinking, though the bible is said to be the writings of theway of life of Moses and the Hebrews, I am puzzled by how certain writings furbish up to society, culture and the life of man and women today.As I try to decipher this passage in my own words of Isaiah. One is speaking ofthe oppression commit by man upon man. It is Jesus asking why man whom werecreated as brother and sister making unjustly laws...deprive the poor of theirrights...withhold the justice from the oppressed of my people.I strongly believe there is a judgment day. For all the wrongs committed insociety against one another and against oneself as the sacred body that be.Harming thy brethren, cleansing thy neighbor, steeling. All to satisfy the wantsfor themselves. It is all competitive. Part of my heritage being of BlackfootIndian descent, the way of life is to create and active life from the gifts ofnature in which thy God provided. I can almost guarantee the society todayliving of monetary value, would not know how to survive if everything all of asudden were interpreted away. A sudden exhausting rainfall, which flooded the cities,and devoured the homes, and cars, and other belongings. Some consider this tohappen on Judgment Day or the day of Reckoning. As a punishment for mancreating these evil doings.People today are so encompassed in the American Way of Living they cannotsacrifice for a minute to live without..forks, eating with thyne hands.

Drug and Alcohol Essay -- Drugs, North West of England

The purpose of this shew pass on be to discuss and focus on the relationship mingled with dose, alcohol and health issues and credit made to the North West of England. Liverpool and the Wirral peninsular will be looked at with regard to the health and social repercussions and the implications drug and alcohol use has on the topical anesthetic communities. A broader look at the United Kingdom and the United States of America along with other parts of the world will also be employ to provide a comparison. This essay will start by looking, briefly, at the history of drug and alcohol use and then move on to the problems caused by their use. The essay will then confront how the environment and culture play a big part in the rise of illegal drug and alcohol use to date along with the connection with crime rates. The essay will move on to show how the region has come to address these issues and how collaboration between members of the community and public servants, police and local authorities, and National Health Services work together to provide positive outcomes. The essay will also show how members of the public form powerful groups that lobby governments and influence legislation. Due to recent legislation and proposed social care reforms, it will be necessary to look at how these could affect the current resources and how they could affect future needs. Where appropriate the essay will use interviews with members of the public, N.H.S staff and service users to provide depth and insight into aspects of the discussion. The assignment will end with a summing up and conclusion to the essay. The history of drug and alcohol use can be traced back many years, Hanson (1995) Informs us that the discovery of play off Age beer jugs established that alcohol use e... ...ime rates and criminal activity does rise in these areas but there are lots of variables contributing to these factors. The essay looked at particular parts of the North West of the UK and it w as seen that as a direct result of rising unemployment and local poverty the increase in drug and alcohol use escalated to epidemic proportions with social exclusion following. At that particular time drugs were readily available and authorities appeared powerless to stop it. The essay move on to different accounts from other authors, some for the legalization of drugs others proposing more legislation. Generally speaking both sides gave valid arguments to the discussion. In answering the essay question it was matt-up by the student that drug and alcohol issues are capable of change, however, there are many contributing factors that need to be in place in front this happens.

The story of Ben Carson :: essays research papers

The Decisions of Ben CarsonThroughout his life Ben Carson faced many trials and tribulations. All of which forced him to make life altering decisions. Going from a disturbed child and adolescent to an outstanding surgeon society would think Dr. Carson made the right choices, but along the way Ben wasnt so sure. wizard of the important decisions Ben was faced with was in the tenth grade. He had to decide weather or not he wanted to continue on his downward coiling with school and friends or if he wanted to get his act together and become high in rank in his schools ROTC program. later seeing his brother in his ROTC uniform Ben was certain he wanted to follow in Curtis footsteps. He knew he would have to work tre manpowerdously unexpressed if he ever wanted to be named colonel as a student. Carson decided to put his best foot forward and forgot about being in the it crowd together with the right clothes and focused on his ROTC goal. Ben was honored when Sgt. Bandy put him in charg e of the most rambunctious class. His strategy for whipping the class into fashion was getting to know them individually and then structured the exercises accordingly (65). Sgt Bandy was pleased to see that Ben turned the worst class into the best class of the unit of measurement in a matter of weeks. Ben was then promoted to second lieutenant. By the time he graduated Ben not only reached his goal and was ranked colonel, but he had been offered a full scholarship to West Point. A whole new decision in its own, Ben turned the scholarship down to pursue his dreams of being a doctor.Another decision Ben made came after his first year of college at Yale. He was put in charge of a highway crew that picked up trash along highways in Detroit. The crews were made up of mostly inter-city kids. Instead of allowing his crew to collect only 12 bags of trash a day engagingred the other supervisors, Ben made sure his crew turned in at least 150 bags at the end of each day. He taught the youn g men in his group the idea of hard work and taking pride for the work that they do. The principle goes like this Its not what you know but the kind of job you do that makes the difference (81). By teaching these kids not to slack off even though it may have been hot outside or they may have been too tired, he more than likely changed their work ethic for the rest of their lives.

The story of Ben Carson :: essays research papers

The Decisions of Ben CarsonThroughout his life Ben Carson faced many trials and tribulations. All of which forced him to make life altering decisions. issue from a disturbed child and adolescent to an outstanding surgeon society would think Dr. Carson made the right choices, however along the way Ben wasnt so sure.One of the important decisions Ben was faced with was in the tenth grade. He had to decide weather or not he wanted to continue on his down spiral with school and friends or if he wanted to get his act together and become high in rank in his schools ROTC program. After seeing his brother in his ROTC uniform Ben was certain he wanted to follow in Curtis footsteps. He knew he would have to work hugely hard if he ever wanted to be named colonel as a student. Carson decided to put his best foot forward and forgot about beingness in the it crowd with the right clothes and focused on his ROTC goal. Ben was honored when Sgt. Bandy put him in charge of the most rambunctious g radation. His strategy for whipping the clear into shape was getting to know them individually and then structured the exercises accordingly (65). Sgt Bandy was pleased to see that Ben turned the worst class into the best class of the unit in a matter of weeks. Ben was then promoted to second lieutenant. By the time he graduated Ben not only reached his goal and was ranked colonel, solely he had been offered a full scholarship to West Point. A whole new decision in its own, Ben turned the scholarship down to pursue his dreams of being a doctor.Another decision Ben made came after his first year of college at Yale. He was put in charge of a highway confederacy that picked up trash along highways in Detroit. The crews were made up of mostly inter-city kids. Instead of allowing his crew to collect only 12 bags of trash a twenty-four hours like the other supervisors, Ben made sure his crew turned in at least 150 bags at the end of each day. He taught the progeny men in his group the idea of hard work and taking pride for the work that they do. The principle goes like this Its not what you know but the kind of job you do that makes the difference (81). By teaching these kids not to slack off even though it may have been hot away or they may have been too tired, he more than likely changed their work ethic for the rest of their lives.

How Successful Were the Liberal Governments of 1896 to 1915 in Dealing with the Problems They Faced?

In the full point 1896 1915, the condition of Italy was relatively in a terrible state in many ways with various political, economic and social hassles that hindered the countrys progress. Italys heavy(p) political sympathiess during this period were generally very(prenominal) unsuccessful in dealing with these inherited and growing problems clearly contributing to the end of Liberalism in Italy. More so, the Liberal political sympathies at a lower place the rule of Giolitti apothegm Italy progressing in some circumstances regarding the socio-economic concerns. Nonetheless, it is very comprehensible that the Liberal Governments lacked solving the problems that they faced.The Liberal Governments major issue following unification was Italys economic progress due to various problems. The economic situation in Italy after Unification was lacking modern communications such as roadstead due to a limited degree of industrialisation. This was a huge problem for the Liberals to solve because it meant that Italy was industrially declined in comparison to most of Europe. As of this decline, the Liberals tried to put an end to the Economic backwardness by increasing industrial production. This occurred by essentially increasing the percentage of the manpower in industry.Industrial giants such as Fiat and Pirelli employed more workers to help contribute to the increased percentage working in industry from 13% in 1871 to 23% in 1913. This proved successful for the Liberals in ways that they improved industrial output. However, the workforce for industry being 23% was clam up approximately half than that of the workforce for agriculture being 57%. Accordingly, the Liberal Government did not heavily improve industrialisation successfully. Moreover, this increase in industrial workforce did prove to widen the north-south divide socially because of industry situating mainly in the north of Italy.To conclude, you would say that the Liberal Government failed to deal wi th this inherited problem although it did increase the industrial workforce but insignificantly achieving their aim. Thus, you would deduce that it left Italy with little preparation for war and accordingly the social problems that were caused. It appears to be that the Liberal Government had worsened the north-south divide caused by their merely achieved aim in improving industry. Heavy tariffs and taxes on Italian exports also enforced by the Liberals completely terminate Italian export industries especially in silk trade.Judging this, unemployment increased primarily in the south causing social unrest. The Governments improved industrial breeding had also caused redistribution of the population all over Italy, densely populating the towns and cities that were not prepared for this overcrowding and influx. As of this, the enforced economic changes, Italy had an augmenting number of social problems combining with the Liberal Governments inherited problems. Firstly, this was the g reat north-south divide that was very difficult to unite due to the south being extremely backward and poor and the north being more developed in every way.This social inequality is clearly outlined in reasonable living standards in the north but general low living standards of the south. The governments inherited social problem was also education. The north had improving education standards with high literacy rates however, this was clearly backward to the souths high illiteracy rates figuring over 88% and low education levels. As a result, the Government dealt with this, by nerve-racking to improve education in the south and so by 1913, the percentage of illiteracy had decreased to 65. 3% proving a successful improvement.One of Giolittis policies of reform was to happen upon anti-malarial drugs free especially in poverty struck areas of the south. This policy had considerably improved the health for most people in the south of Italy. Furthermore, there was a more obvious inhe rited problem for the Liberals. This was the percentage of the population who spoke the Italian language, because only 2. 5% spoke it. This occurred due to the Italians speaking their regional languages in states like Venice and Rome. Prior to these inherited problems, we would conclude that the Government had hugely reduced adult illiteracy rates especially in the south from 88% to 65. %. The Liberals had also efficiently improved health services especially in the south by enforcing free anti-malaria drugs mainly in the southern areas of Italy. However, the Liberals had failed in solving all of the problems because of factors such as unemployment remaining high and the southern problem still remaining prevalent on a whole. Although, it is lovely to judge that the Liberal Government was fairly successful in dealing with the various social problems it had faced causing significant improvements as stated before.However, the owing(p) social problems had led to an increase in the swe ar of socialism and also leading to an increased fear of communism stressing political problems for the Liberal Governments to deal with. The Liberals had dominated politics generally for a long period of time. However the Liberal Government had lost out on support hugely by 1915 under Giolitionism. The Liberal Governments general aims were to stabilise Italian politics, end the church state division and obviously gain support for Liberalism.This is true in every way, because only 2% of the population (middle class/wealthy landowners) elected from the North of Italy. This clearly meant that the Liberal Governments aim was to maximise their support for a sustained period of time. However, in some cases of Giolittionism, the Liberals have been too geared to the needs of the wealthy and have not met the needs of the poor. This meant that the Liberals had to try and work for the benefit of the poor and other groups including moderate socialists and Catholics to deal with this problem i . . Transformismo. However this pro pose fair government did not solve the major political issue, which were the differences between these other groups and the Liberal Government that was clearly outstanding under Giolittis political trunk. This made it fairly easy for Giolitti to lose support when enforcing policies and so the Liberal Governments fell through fairly quickly on a whole. From what I can judge from the Liberal Political system, there were various threats posed against the Liberal Governments from the far left and far right.This was because the working class solely turned their support to other groups who also wanted reform and revolt. As to this, the Liberal Governments failed terribly in successfully dealing with political problems in the period 1896-1915. This was because of not being able to improve the political system for the benefit of other groups thus leaving politics stagnated outlining their failure. Overall, from what I can conclude, we can say that the Li beral Governments had not successfully dealt with the problems they faced in the period 1896-1915.This had ranged from their control of society which, although experienced in some case a slight improvement but in every case failed terribly in improving the main north-south divide that outlined Italys divide in society. Their control over the economy had responded to some sort of improvement in scathe of industrialisation, yet they still lacked in efficiently industrialising the country for a war or modernisation. Furthermore, we can deduce that the Liberals were ineffective in predominantly improving the political system for which lead to the end of Liberalism in Italian politics.

Sase study, Decision making, Essay

1. Describe what an enterpriser is, using examples to illustrate why beak Cruddas is a good example of an entrepreneur. ANS An entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the luck for the sake of profit. An entrepreneur needs to be good at risk taking, organization and innovation. This instance study focuses on the entrepreneur Peter Cruddas, who set up his own business CMC Markets in the early 1990s with just 10,000 of capital. Peter was able to contend a gap in the financial services commercialize by using the latest technology at that time the internet.Peter took the risk, got in low and quickly took the lead. He built a new online platform which was a dandy innovation at the time. His innovation led to a better appearance of managing clients needs as dealers in financial markets needed several different accounts, all with different types of software, which was inefficient and unproductive, a problem that Peters services solved. Th us in Peter Cruddas is a good example of an entrepreneur who has made a lot of progress by embrace innovative ideas, organizing them well and taking the risk to go ahead with them.2. Explain the main traits of an entrepreneur and show which of these Peter Cruddas demonstrated in setting up and establishing CMC Markets.ANS The main traits that an entrepreneur must have are 1) he should not be afraid to take risks. 2) he should be innovative in his ideas and approach so as to take smarter and more informed decisions and risks. 3) he should have the ability and the capriciousness to organize these ideas and innovations in form of a profitable business, taking advantages of all the opportunities and financial windows at his disposal.Peter Cruddas, who set up his own business CMC Markets in the early 1990s with just 10,000 of capital, took a great risk, starting out. But he used his abilities to organize and innovate, setting up very creative and efficient online platforms to take his business to a higher level. He demonstrated the most capricious attitude about the execution of his ideas and that paid off. CMC Markets is now a global comp both and Peter Cruddas is the wealthiest businessman in the urban center of London. CMC has 18 offices around the world, employs 1,250 people and has around 250,000 clients. The business continues to grow rapidly. In 2008 CMC carried out 21 million trades (buying and selling). 98% of these trades were online.3. Analyse how CMC Markets got the balance righteousness betwixt rewards and risks in its Innovations.ANS Often in business there is a positive relationship between risk and reward. In simple terms, the greater the risk you take the more potential there is for high profits. Peter took on an enormous risk when he left his secure job to set up his own business. He took another risk in using his own capital in his new venture. However, Peter lowered the risk by conducting market research. He talked to potential customers to see if they were willing to subscribe to his service and how much they were willing to pay. The key factors that helped CMC balance rewards and risks are Take risks but spread them. CMC offers many another(prenominal) types of financial trading opportunities in addition to foreign exchange. Make sure to have a regular income coming in. Work hard. Keep control of the business. engender as wide a customer base as possible. Keep introducing and pushing through new ideas. Think laterally new and non-conventional ideas.4. To what extent does a new enterprise depend upon the skills of the entrepreneur? Justify your decision.ANS The skills of an entrepreneur are very vital to the functioning of the enterprise. No enterprise can be a success if its head and the person with the most responsibility and decision making power, lacks in certain vital skills. Not only should the entrepreneur be insightful, innovative and brave at taking risks, but he must be a good manager, hire the right pe ople for the right jobs and provide a good working environment and motivation to its employees to ensure a smooth functioning. Also, an entrepreneur needs to make quick and troubled decisions and be very smart about the marketing of his company.He should be good at dealing with clients too. These things are very vital to the working of any company and the person who runs it must be skilled at them. The business greatly depends on the innovative, brave and organized attitude of the entrepreneur.

Night Train at Deoli Essay

The Night Train at Deoli by Ruskin Bond is a story of juvenilely uppity passion exhibiting unbridled obligation of the protagonist endowed with great sensitivity. Love is an emotion interlaced with a web of perplexing components that is very difficult to unravel. crush lacks depth of love, and it is based on appearance and selfish desire. True love is based on commitment, understanding and entering into anothers feelings, and compassion. In this sententious story, Ruskin Bond recounts his teenage experience during one of his train journeys to Dehra. He tells us that he used to spend his vacation every summer in his nans place in Dehra and had to pass a small lonely blank space, Deoli amidst the jungle on the way. This station appeared strange to him as no one got on or off the train in that respect & nothing seemed to happen there. He wondered why the train stopped there for ten minutes regularly without argue and felt sorry for the lonely little platform. Juvenile love is bas ed on appearance it is distinctly reflected when the author expresses his feelings for the girlfriend at first sight. On his journey to Dehra, the author happens to see a pale-looking girl selling baskets. She appears to be poor, but with grace and dignity. Her shiny black hair and dark, troubled eyes attracts the author. The girl offers to sell baskets to him. He initially refuses to buy and later when she insists, happens to buy one with a little hesitation, daring not to touch her fingers while taking the basket from her hand. Both of them just look at each other for quite some time, just as it strikes a chord of affection between them.He longs to see her, her searching and eloquent eyes, again on his return journey. The meeting helps to break the monotony of his journey & brings in a sense of attachment & right towards the girl. Fondness is a kind of feelings of affection or love. Here, in the story, the authors fondness for the girl was unreasoning. Generally, fondness for a nything in particular drives a creation to be gradually desperate for achieving the thing the person is fond of. But, here authors fondness for the girl is somewhat imaginative, and the author shows that he is unintentional to discover what has happened with the girl. He does not want to proceed with an enquiry into the cause of absence of the girl, but instead he decides against going into the village adjoining the station to know the truth. Though, apparently, it looks like an infatuation, yet the writers feelings for the girl comes out as selfish desire as he wants to live with his imagination only, and the writer apprehends to get hit with a bare reality. True love seems to be absent in a relation that is not based on commitment, and there was no sign of responsibility shown from the narrators part. See more at http//aidtoed.blogspot.in/2012/12/isc-english-literature-2013-night-train_12.htmlsthash.oI4KPBc7.dpuf

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Official Statistics In Sociological Research Essay

Official statistics argon quantitative data reveald by local and national political relation bodies, and chamberpot cover a wide range of behaviour including births, stopping points, marriages and divorce, income, crime, and work and leisure. Official statistics can be produced as a by-product of the normal workings of a government department, but they can also result from research designed specific tout ensembley to produce them. Two main fountains of positive statistics be the government and its departments, and surveys. For guinea pig, government departments such as the Home Office and Education and Skills request process and then publish information from organisations such as local tax offices, complaisant services and hospitals.An good example of a source of surveys that produce official statistics is The Office for National Statistics, which is a government agency and is responsible for compiling and analysing statistics. Every decade years this agency carries out the Census of the Population, which covers every household in the UK. By law each head of household must complete a questionnaire that includes family composition, housing occupation, transport and leisure. Official statistics are used by sociologists because of their many advantages. A main plus is that official statistics are often compiled from data which has been pull together from a large test size. The majority of sociologists could probably non afford to carry out such vast research.The size of the sample also tends to development the representivity of the statistics. They also tend to be well organised and planned when researched, so the standards of sociological research can be met. Official statistics are usually quickly available and relatively inexpensive, so sociologists can spend more time and money analysing data than collecting it. Statistics can also sometimes be the only if source available for a specific topic, such as unemployment figures. Another advantage is that statistics allow sociologists to make comparisons over time, as they are usually produced regularly, for example the Population Census, which is carried out every ten years. This is similar to longitudinal studies, however the sample size of official statistical data is usually much larger. aspect at the above advantages, it would be easy to draw a conclusion that official statistics are in fact very useful as a source of data, however there are also important disadvantages to official statistics. Official statistics are not always produced in a useful form, make them harder for a sociologist to analyse and draw any trends and patterns from.Another disadvantage is that statistics do not always measure what they intend to measure. For example the Home Office hatred Rates Statistics do not take into account the fact that not all crime is reported. This can decrease the representivity of the data. Another factor which must be considered when interpreting official statistics is that because official statistics are usually produced by the government, they may be politically biased, for example to show that their policies are having the predicted effect. A well-known example of this is that the method of collecting unemployment statistics has changed many times, which gives the appearance that the unemployment rate it falling. From these disadvantages it would appear that although statistics can be very enlightening and useful, there are several pitfalls, which cannot always be avoided.Positivists view official statistics as a potentially valuable source of quantitative data however they do recognise that statistics have several faults. They principally agree that statistics can turn in measures of behaviour that can be used to investigate possible cause and effect relationships. However Interpretivists, in particular ethnomethodologists and phenomethodologists, turn away the use of official statistics for measuring or determining certain behaviour of whi ch they refer to. Cicourel and Atkinson believe that statistics are the products of meanings, which are assumptions of those who construct them. However, although they think that official statistics are not social facts, but social constructs, this does not mean they are not of sociological interest. Phenomenologists believe that they can be studied in found to discover how they are produced. Cicourel said that this is the only use of official statistics, partly because all statistics involve classifying things, when such decisions are really subjective.When assessing this view, it seems it cannot be applied to all types of official statistics, especially those concerning data on age and gender. Although there may well be considerable room for interpretation when considering whether, for example, a sudden death is suicide, there is less room for interpretation when deciding whether someone is male or female. Conflict theories such as marxist and feminist theory, argue that official statistics are neither hard facts or subjective meanings. Instead they believe they consist of information which is systematically distorted by the powerful institutions in society. Although the statistics are not complete distortions, they are manipulated through the definitions and procedures used to collect the data, so that they tend to favour the interests of the rich and powerful.One example of this is the claim by Anne and redbreast Oakley that official statistics are sexist. They have pointed out that in eighty-percent of cases a man is defined as the head of the household, and that women engaged in housework or non-paying domestic labour are defined as economically inactive, despite the contribution which housework makes to the economy.These theories suggest that official statistics arent particularly useful in presenting a valid picture of an area of society. Compared to other methods of collecting data, official statistics can seem both superior and inferior. As a seco ndary source of data official statistics come ready coded and presented, which can be hard to do with some data, particularly qualitative. However this categorised data may not be categorised in the exact way a sociologist might prefer it, so this is a definite disadvantage. Like questionnaires and social surveys, official statistics produce quantitative data, can generally cover a fairly large sample size, and are pre-coded.Again, like questionnaires and social surveys, the data can be manipulated to aliment or reject a hypothesis for example by the way the data is collected and categorised. Official statistics are generally not an in-depth profile of the sample being researched, unlike methods such as participant observation and longitudinal studies. However because these studies are more in-depth, they also tend to have a small sample size than statistical data. To conclude, it seems that although there are many benefits to using official statistics as a source of data, they mu st be treated with caution, bursting charge in mind the social processes involved in their collection. Although some see statistics as social constructions rather than social facts, official statistics do often provide a unique opportunity for sociologists to obtain data the whole population. This would otherwise be far too expensive and time-consuming for a sociologist to collect themselves.

Theory of Mercantilism

Theory of Mercantilism Most of the europiuman economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists this term was initially utilise totally by critics, such as Mirabeau and smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was moneymaking(a) system. The word commercialism was introduced into English from German in the previous(predicate) 19th century. The bulk of what is comm hardly callight-emitting diode mercantilist literature appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain. 6 Smith saw English merchandiser Thomas Mun (15711641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement. 7 Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuarts Principles of Political Economy published in 1767. 8 Mercantilist literature withal extended beyond England. For example, Italy, France, and Sp ain produced noted writers of mercantilist themes including Italys Giovanni Botero (15441617) and Antonio Serra (1580-? Frances, Jean Bodin, Colbert and some other physiocrats. Themes too existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as salutary as followers of the American system and British free-trade imperialism, thus stretching the system into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond commercialism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of stinting matters. 9 Merchants in VeniceThe Austrian attorney and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy, which sums up the tenets of mercantilism comprehensively10 That all inch of a cou ntrys soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing. That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials. That a large, working population be encouraged. That all export of florid and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation.That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as practically as possible. That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver. That as more than as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished in the home country. That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a countrys surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver. That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home.Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an all overarc hing scheme for the perfect economy, as Adam Smith would afterwards do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to reduce on a single area of the economy. 11 Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these diverse ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives a false unity to disparate events. Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led nearly authors, especially Robert E.Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison to call mercantilism a rent-seeking society. To a certain extent, mercantilist article of faith itself do a general theory of economics impossible. Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. 12 Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibili ty of economics being used to maximize the commonwealth, or common good. 13 Mercantilists writings were also generally acquired to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the outperform policies. 14 Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict encloses over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies some mercantilists supported these, but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets.One notion mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population laborers and farmers were to live at the margins of subsistence. The address was to maximize production, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, or ed ucation for the lower classes was seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy. 15 quad growth The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth which made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. The opposing doctrine of physiocracy predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources.Origins Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years. 16 One group, represented by Jacob Viner, argues that mercantilism was simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies could not be discovered by the people of the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools. The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, contends that mercantilism was not a mistake, but rather the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that mercantilist policies were developed and enforced by rent-seeking merchants and governments.Merchants benefit ed greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, al around all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials. 17 Monetarism offers a third accounting for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity.The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the English economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars when paper money was largely used. A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business. Mercantilism developed at a time when the European economy was in transition. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power.Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade. 18 Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the closing curtain scrutiny given to the balance of trade. 19 Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored. New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable heights.The latter led to the great upward movement in prices and an increase in the volume of merchant activity itself. 20 Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work through in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an ec onomic system that was compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that were replacing the medieval worldview.This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison detat in international relations. The mercantilist idea that all trade was a zero sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. The dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Acts, were enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell. 21 PoliciesFrench finance minister and mercantilist Jean-Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years. Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern perio d, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred in England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted. France Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century, soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree censor the importation of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders.The next year, a good turn of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion. 22 Over the rest of the sixteenth century further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became late involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports.Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of over a thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced. 23 To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colberts policies were quite successful, and Frances industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power.He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field. 23 Great Britain In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the 1340-1789 Long Parliament government (16401660). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government stamp down over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament. 24 Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil fight, but were often controversial. 25 The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes. With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government defend its merchantsand kept others outby trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm.The government had to fight smugglingwhich became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpl uses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a glorious Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664.The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. 26 British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations was put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from Englands domestic trade.The nation ag gressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution. Over all, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the worlds dominant trader, and an international superpowercitation needed.One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of waste lands to outlandish use. Mercantilists felt that to maximize a nations power all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens. 27 Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processe d and redistributed to other colonies. Other countries The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees.The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had trivial interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years War (16181648), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult.Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic apply of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantil ist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempt to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russias lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base.Wars and imperialism Mercantilism was economic warfare and was well suited to an era of military warfare. 28 Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nations trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and confirm damage to the enemys economy.Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended significant effort to build new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the double-u Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread aro und the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain be geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudsons Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada).

Muralism and the Cosmic Affect

03/17/13 Muralism and The Cosmic Race In the Cosmic Race written by Jose Vasconcelo, Vasconcelo writes about the comment of Latin Ameri whoremonger people and their divine mission in America, while also briefly comparing them to other races such as the Europeans. Vasconcelo states that there be 4 racial trunks, the Blacks, the Indians, the Mongols, and the Whites, while expanding detail with the Whites who he described as organizing themselves in Europe, and becoming invaders of the rest of the world.Vasconcelo gives an example as the Spaniards conquered Latin American, however he believes that their role was just to reintegrate the red world, which he describes as a bridge which has brought the world to a state at which all human types and cultures can fuse to give riseher. According to Vasconcelo the faithful Latin-people are those called upon to this divine mission after they have gained freedom. It is safe to say Vasconcelo easily inspired and influenced several aspects of Dieg o Riveras artwork.While Mexico was at a lower place similar circumstances after the Mexican Revolution as Latin America, Deigo Rivera used some of Jose Vasconcelos ideas to impart social and political messages. In Diego Riveras El Hombre en Cruco de Caminos located in Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, one can see a man who appears to be in control of the reality with a variety of people in the backgrounds. At one point Vasconcelo states that every ascending race needs to constitute its protest philosophy to get to its own success, rather than just learn and copy from the others.This idea is expressed in Riveras Mural by the man in the middle who is dogmatic what seems to be the entire universe. It seems that both of these men understood the ideathat it was time to control themselves. Although Diego was focused on the spiritual liberation of Mexico from its Colonial obsession, the idea of creating and controlling your own ideology and destiny is shared by Riveras painting a nd Vasconcelos, The Cosmic Race.

What do we mean by business environment?

Business Organisations simply mean a group of pile working together as a team in a finicky(prenominal) make-up by delivering harvest-homes, goods and serve to customer in exchange of profit. But, these organisation are influenced by some(prenominal) factors within the environment in which they operate and said to be the very dominant force in the shaping and moulding of the organisation. What do we mean by business environment? Business environment is a set of influence, which shapes and moulds an organisation. There are calculate of factor which shapes and moulds an organisation.In other word, the development and strength of an organisation lies on these seven main influence such as ship force outal of doing thing, rules and regulation, principle and influences, attitude and behaviour, product and renovation, framework of an authority and finally the channel of communication. As every star knows, variant people stir they own of ways of doing thing because they are not necessary to have the same thought with others and maybe it all depends on some sort of style or tradition, which bespeak to be followed. For an example, a football team has umpteen strategic such as 4-4-2, 4-4-3, 3-5-2 and so on.But, they use several(predicate) strategic when facing different foe or maybe changes their strategic when it comes to a certain circumstance e. g. player got sent off or injured, difficulty in defending, urgency to score, and so on No one can declare a feature method or way of doing thing of organisation is the best. This is because each habituated set of circumstances requires different solution. Rules and regulation is mustiness for an organisation. Without it, everyone forget not be bo in that respectd to do what he or she supposes in a proper manner within the dateline.Let us take a get wind at this example, which is sound familiar for some of us. Being an APIIT student, everyone strictly prohibit the birthing of T-shirt, jeans, sneakers or s lippers, as hearty as provocative and immodest attire. Principle and procedure are essential for an organisation. Every job or task given must be done according to a particular principle and procedure to en authoritative a good output or result in return. For instance, lets take a look at a football team again. In order to score a goal, the ball must be played to one another until someone has the golden opportunity to score a goal. place and behaviour play an important role for an organisation. Basically, there is two type of business environment, which is external and internal. What do we mean by external environment? External environment is non-controllable environment, which is outside an organisation. This environment can be divided into a bit of areas such as politic, thrift, social, technology -P-E-S-T- and last not the least globalisation. policy-making environment refers to the set of law, regulation and government policies existing within a particular country.Some peopl e argued that this is the most powerful influence at work e. g. if a businessman wants to start up a business in a particular country, first he or she must ensure the political stability of that country. For instance, an unstable political climate in a country will not saturate confidence in people and this will in turn affect the business climate adversely. If given an option to run a business in Kabul, Afghanistan or Tokyo, Japan, I am pretty sure that everyone will choose the second option.Moreover, the tax treaties, which are agreements between governments to avoid, double taxation of profits by the foreign and the domestic government would serve to accelerate the foreign investment in a country. twain main policies are privatisation (where government sells off some of its existing public corporation to the private orbit e. g. MAS, Telekom) and deregulation (removal of government redtape and bureaucracy from the operation of the market or better known as commerce tax e. g. s ame rate).Next, economic environment, which is mainly, empha size of its on customers aim for good and services and the resulting supply situation. How an organisation will fare depends on the train of demands for its goods and services. Factors such as buying behaviour, purchasing power, price levels, interest rates, etc. are important determinants of demands. Since, World Cup is this month, let us take another example on football. The football fever starts, as you walk around in the city you can see umteen football freaks wearing their favourite teams jersey.This clearly indicates the demands for jersey make ups as the interest rates increases. Beside that, the state of economy in terms of changes in levels of income, employment, inflation and foreign exchange rates affect the level of manipulation and the standard of living. Business organisation themselves can boost demand by extending employment and investment, and conversely they can adversely influence the economy when t hey cut back on investment or retrench workers. For instance, the catamenia state of economy of Argentina will decrease the foreign investment and.As a result, many of their countrymen were unemployed and creating havoc everywhere ca use a major setback for the government. Social environment is do up of the attitudes, popular opinions, customs and values of people in society. Entrepreneurs must realise that these social factors vary with the different classes of people within a country the rich and the poor, the educated and the uneducated, the liberal and the conservative, etc. For an example, in India the Indians belief and consider the cow as their mother for providing milk. Therefore, they do not eat beef.But, lately a McDonald spill in India offers some sort of burger or meal with beef. These turn out to be a adventure for McDonald as many of the citizens got angry and begin to create havoc in the country. McDonalds outlet in India finally found a solution. They modified and make slight changes in their recipes, beef burger is replaced by fish burger. An nice moves which paid off when they got an immediate response from the citizen. This show how important is to know the beliefs and customs of a particular country. It is fool to underestimate the beliefs and customs of a country.Hence, it has become necessary for businesses to analyse and study carefully these factors and issues if their goods and services are to be accepted. Another important and not a new factor in the general environment is the technology environment. Its increasing importance and influence is now cosmos felt clearly and strongly than at any other time. The changes in technology are virtually revolutionising how work is perfomed in factories and offices, and hence the whole market. For instance, massive progression in technology and rapid changes in information technology helps to increase the productivity of an organisation.The physical exercise of hi-tech machines and eq uipments will greatly influence the success of organization. It simply save a lot of time, energy and helps to cut down number of employees. Organisations that are not able to keep yard with such changes are left behind, and consequently edged out of competition. One area that has emerged as being springy to business organization is information technology. Assume that an organization dealing with thousands perhaps millions customers data, somehow need to use the the technology employed to collect, process, produced, maintain and update the customers information.Microprocessors have allowed the introduction of small low-cost micro-computers that have household application for monitoring weather conditions. Many industries such as motorcar manufacturers are using microprocessors to control the operation of the car engine. Globalisation environment is an essential factor in organization. With the rapid advancement of telecommunication infrastructure and information technology has for ced organization to proceed beyond their national or geographic boundaries in search of ways and means to exploit existing new technology so as to ahead of their competitors.Speed and quality in addressing the needs of world-wide customers and continuously learning of organisations will greatly influenced the success of organizations. As everyone knows, the current business environment is one where the whole world is seen as one market place, borderless world. In short, the ability to think globally while acting locally. One example is the usage of internet and mobile phone which connects you to people all around the globe no matter where they are. grocery store environment is very much similar to the economic environment, but there are a number of distinguish features. Essentially this is the environment of competitors, buyers and sellers. It is important to monitor these three groups of people. For instance, competitors must also be analysed well with regards to their strengths a nd weakness. Customers must also be researched thoroughly in order to establishe needs and trends. Businesses should also be constanly on the look out for new products and materials from existing or new supplier.It actually refers to an organization behavioural corpse whish is constantly changing as it adapts to the evolving requirement of society. As you can see customers itself influence the demand level because they have the buying or purchasing power. If you look out for mobile phone industries, there are number of companies competing each other to outplay, outwit and outlast one another to become the number 1 leading mobile phone. That is why you can see many mobile phones with different size and outlook out for sales like mushroom to satisfy the customers need.Finally, lets take a look at internal environment. There are number of area which covers internal environment such as the rules and regulation, employee management, produst and service and facilities. Rules and regulati on is must for an organisation. Without it, everyone will not be bothered to carry out his or her duties and responsibilities in proper way. There are many rules and regulations in an organisation such as attire (e. g. wear modest attire), punctuality (e. g. unceasingly meet the dateline), behaviour (e. g. must be polite and coorperate with other colleagues).As an organization, employee management is important to run business systematically. The management is the backbone of an organization thus it needs to be strong to overcome any difficulty. A good management always productive and try their level best to meet their target or objective. Product and service is the most important factors without it business cannot be run. Customers is fussy and choosy, they always want the best product or service. Therefore, organisation must always ascent their product and service to meet the need of so called customers.The best quality products with reasonable price always attract the customers. Last not the least, facilities and infrastructures which play an important role too in an organisation. Basically, a high class facilities and latest infrastructures simply help both the organisations and the customers to connect each other. Thus, a country with an resplendent network of highways and railroads will definitely be attractive to foreign investment to start business there. It is vital to note that business orgnisation interact with the above environmental factors. This means that the influence and impact is not one-sided.

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay

innate(p) First, Born SmarterThis theater involves a persons intellectual development in correlation to the methodicalness in which they were born in relation to their siblings. Two explore psychologists, Robert B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, au then(prenominal)tic a theory in an attempt to explain the consanguinity between birth order and intelligence. They conducted this study by gathering schooling from previous research and applied it to the data they collected themselves. A research project was conducted n the slowly 1960s that mingled examineing the intellectual abilities of baberen born at the discontinue of WWII. They found a severe relationship between the birth order and the Raven test scores. The ones born first scored higher(prenominal), and the score decreased with the declining birth order. However, the average Raven score for the first born in a both family is all progressive 5 points higher then that for a last born in a family with gild children. So the to a greater extent children you have, and the smaller the gap between to each one child is, the more intelligent each child in succession will be.In Control and Glad of ItResearchers Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin conducted a field prove using elderly the great unwashed in an elderly home to test the outcome of when people ar assumption control as opposed to when people have e actuallything done for them. Langer and Rodins prediction was that if the remainder of personal responsibility for ones life causes a person to be less keen and healthy, then increasing control and power should have the opposite effect. Two floors of the elderly home were randomly selected to be observed. One floor was prone options for certain things such as in that respect furniture parade and which movie they would like to attend.The a nonher(prenominal) floor, was disposed(p) no such options and had everything arranged and done for them by the mental faculty. The staff was asked to fill out questionnaires round the diligents on their floor (the staff new nothing of the examine). The questionnaires had questions on it to mention about things such as if the patents were sociable, happy, alert, and even how much they visited otherwise patients. The differences between the 2 groups were incredible. They modeld that overall, the change magnitude responsibility groups condition improved over the three weeks ofthe study, while the no-control group was doing progressively poorer. They concluded that when people who have been forced to give up their control and decision-making power are given a greater sense of personal responsibility, their lives and attitudes improve, as is true with the opposing side.More Experience = large BrainMark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett wanted to pay off out if the brain changes in response to experience. Because this experiment involved long points of observation and even au flowersies to observe the changes in the brain, the two researchers couldnt use human exposeds, so they utilize bottoms for the experiment. Three male rats where chosen to participate and assigned to one of three conditions. One rat remained in the colony cage with the rest of the colony. One rat was placed in an enriched surround and one was placed in an impoverished environment. in that location were 12 rats in each of these conditions for each of the 16 experiments. The standard cage had numerous rats and had fit space with food and water always available. The improvised environment was a slightly smaller cage, isolated in a separate room, where the rat was alone with adequate food and water. Finally, the enriched environment was a large cage fill with m any(prenominal) toys and furnished with every high life a rat could want.The results indicated that the brains of the enriched rats were highly different from those of the impoverished rats. The cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was significantly heavier and thicker then those of the impoverished rats. Also, the study found a significantly greater number of glial cells in the enriched rats brains compared with the rats raised in the dull environment. After 10 historic period of experiment and research the researchers could clearly and confidently country that there is no doubt that umpteen aspects of brain anatomy and brain chemistry are changed by experience. However, many scientists were skeptical of there findings because there were factors that Rosenzweig and Bennett didnt take into consideration. The enriched rats were handled more which could have been a brain comment and the impoverished rats could have been stressed from having no contact with anyone or anything at all.See AggressionDo AggressionOne of he most famous and influential experiment ever conducted in psychological science history demonstrated how children learn to be vulturine. This study by Albert Bandura and his associates Dorothea Ross and Shelia Ross was carri ed out in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers asked for the aid of the Stanford University obligatery in obtaining thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls raging from ages 3-6. The average age for he children was 4 years and 4 months. Twenty four of the children were assigned to the control group which was the group that wasnt exposed to any model. The rest of the children were shared out into two groups one exposed to aggressive models and one exposed to non-aggressive models, they were also divided by sex. They eventually had 8 experimental groups divided by gender and level of aggression. First, the experimenter brought a child from one of the groups to a playroom with an adult model.The adult model beat a Bobo doll with a fake mallet while the child played with other toys. Another child was brought in after(prenominal) and the adult model ignored the Bobo doll. This went on for all the groups. 1) The children who were exposed to the hazardous models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors they observed when unexpended alone with the Bobo doll. 2) Overall, girls were more likely to imitate the verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll, while the boys showed more physical violence. 3) Boys were significantly more physically aggressive then girls in nearly all the conditions. 4) The boys apply the mallet significantly more then girls in almost all of the conditions. 5) The control group was mainly less violent then the experimental group.6) in cases with a non-aggressive female, the children used hardly any aggressive language.What You Expect Is What You GetThis study involves instructors expectancies of pupils and how that affects the students I.Q. gains. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a study where they theorized that when an elementary school teacher is provided with information (such as I.Q. scores) that creates certain expectancies about a students potential, either strong or weak, the teacher might unknowingly behave in ways that subtly encourage or thrust on the performance of the students catchn as more likely to succeed. An elementary school was chosen andall the children grades 1-6 were given an I.Q. test near the beginning of the year. The teachers were told that there students were taking the Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition. This was told to them because this test was supposed to be a predictor for a childs academic blooming.Teachers believed that students that scored higher would enter a period of increased learning abilities. This was also not true. Children were chosen at random to be within the top 20 percentile of this test and the teachers were informed of this. All other children were the control group of this experiment. At the end of the year the children were tested again using the I.Q. test and the children originally chosen for the top 20% showed a significantly increased score then those of the control group in grades one and two. In grades 3-6 the difference was not so great. The reason for the 1st and 2nd grade development was thought to be because of how young minds were more malleable then older children and how younger children dont have a disposition from previous school years.I Can See It All Over Your FaceResearchers Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen conducted a study about how facial expressions and emotions are a universal language. The first problem with this experiment was that the researchers had to find subjects that had never been exposed to media or magazines because this would enable the subjects to not truthfully identify a certain wound up expression. Ekman and Freisen found a group of people like this in the Southeast Highlands of New Guinea called the forrad people. They were an isolated Stone Age society with not much contact of any other people outside there environment, let alone any media. They had not been exposed to emotional facial expressions other then those of there own people. The two researchers showed there ex perimental groups of adults and children pictures of different facial expressions of people from the unite States and told them a sentence.They asked them to identify by pointing, to the correct matching facial expression. The adults were given three pictures to choose from and the children were given two. on that point was not much difference between male and female recognition of expressions, however the children did white a little better in the experiment. This could have been attributed to the fact thatthe children only had to choose between two pictures instead of three. The results for both adults and children clearly support the researchers theory that particular facial behaviors are universally associated with particular emotions. The only trouble that the Fore people had was distinguishing between idolize and surprise, and this was because these people lush associated fear and surprise as one emotion.Racing Against Your HeartUsing their earlier research and clinical o bservations, two bill of fareiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, developed a model of traits for a specific type of persons behavioral manikin that they believed was related to growing levels of cholesterol and to heart disease. The first pattern, pattern A, had characteristics such as a drive to achieve your goals, a competing personality, multi-tasking that involves meeting deadlines, and extreme alertness. Following this is another type of people, called pattern B. Pattern B is the exact opposite of pattern A. They lacked drive, ambition, desire to compete, and involvement in deadlines. A third set of behaviors developed was called pattern C. This was very much like pattern B but involved anxiety and insecurity. Friedman and Rosenman interviewed about 166 men for there experiment. They first questions they asked them were about there familys medical history, so they could gain vigor if they had CHD. piece in this interview the researchers categorized each man into a pattern A or B category by the way he answered questions, or his tone, or body language.Each subject was asked to sustenance a log of there diet over the course of a week and blood tests were interpreted from each of the men to mea indisputable cholesterol levels. Friedman and Rosenman matched each man into pattern A and pattern B easily. Each man fit into one of the developed patterns. The researchers found that the men in Pattern A group had significantly higher chances of heart disease and that type A behavior was a major cause of blood abnormalities. However there could be other reasons why Type A had higher chances of heart disease such as, there familys history. More men in the pattern A group had parents with heart disease. Another difference was that pattern A men smoked more cigarettes a day then did the subjects in group B. This study was very important in the history of psychological science for a fewreasons. One way was that it proved certain behavioral patterns can cause major heart related illness. Another is that this study began a new line of research and questioning into the relationship between behavior and CHD. The largest long-range outcome from this study that has played an important role in creating a new branch of psychology called health psychology.Not Practicing What You PreachThis study involves attitudes and actions toward different racial groups. It was determine if what people hypothesize is actually what they will do if they come face to face with the problem. Richard T. LaPiere traveled extensively with a young Chinese couple in 1930 and 1931. The couple was very nice and personable and he was glad to be traveling with them. During this time there was a lot of prejudice in the U.S. against Asians. So, LaPiere was very surprised when the Asian couple was graciously outfitd at a very fine hotel that had a news report for greatly disliking Orientals. Two months later he called the same hotel and asked if they would accommoda te a very important Chinese man and they said defiantly not. LaPiere then developed a theory that stated What people say is often not what they do. The study was conducted in two separate parts. First, LaPiere went with his Chinese friends to many hotels and eating place throughout the U.S. over the course of two years.He took record of how the couple was treated and made sure to first stay out of site of the managers of the establishments to ensure that the couple wouldnt be treated differently in his presence. The second part of the experiment was for LaPiere to wait 6 months after there trip (to withdraw sure the effect of the Chinese couples visit had faded), and then call each establishment that they went to or stayed at, and asked them if they would accommodate a Chinese person.After almost three years, LaPiere had enough information to make a comparison of social attitudes social behavior. Out of the 251 hotels and restaurants they attended, only one refused the couple an d LaPiere service because of the couples race. out from that instance, all other places accommodated them with average or above average service. When he received most of the garner back with an answer from the hotels and restaurants over 90% of them said they would absolutely not accommodate anyone of the Chinese race. This corroborate LaPieres theory that what peoplesay, is not always how they will act.The Power of ConformityResearch psychologist Solomon E. Asch conducted a study to see if people will give into peer pressure and accommodate to there friends ideas. A person was let into a room ( theme A) with seven other subjects. These seven people, without subject A knowing, were not participants in the experiment, they were helping the experimenter. Each person was asked which line was longer on a card that was shown to them. Subject A went first and then followed was the seven other subjects and then subject A was asked again. They did this several measure until one time, a ll the other subjects disagreed with subject A and all picked the same one, different form his choice.When the card came back to subject A he picked the one everyone else picked. Seventy-Five percent of the time the first subject will conform to the groups consensus at least once. The powerful effects of group pressures to conform were clearly demonstrated in Aschs study. There are four factors that could have an effect on the reduction of conformity. These factors are social support, attraction and commitment to the group, size of the group, and gender of the group. If you have people on your side you are more likely to stay with your answer rather then conform. crowd Into The behavioural SinkThe effects of crowding on our behavior are something that has interested psychologists for decades. One man in particular, John B. Calhoun was especially interested in it when he conducted this study on crowding and social pathology. It whitethorn be hard to believe but rats do have a social side. The reason Calhoun used rats were because he indispensable many subjects for long periods of time that were willing to crowd together for a while. piece wouldnt be very good at this. He used a 1014 foot room and divided it into 4 segmentations. Section one was connected to section 2 by a ramp, section 2 was connected to section 3 by a ramp, and section 3 was connected to section 4 by a ramp. The walls were electrified so in order to get from section 1 to section 4 you needed to go through all the rooms. The rooms were also filledwith shreds of paper, in order for the rats to make nests. The experimenter filled the rooms with rats.They started with about 4 rats and waited or the rats to multiply until they reached 80. When over 80 were reached some rats were removed so they always had a constant number. When the rats got older, they started to fight with each other for space even though it wasnt necessarily too herd. The two end rooms were in short fought for because they go t the most space and privacy so the rat that won the fight always stayed on hold at the end of the ramp for security. Some rats became submissive and others always fought. Some of the rats were very sexually active and some wanted nothing to do with it. Some of the mothers in the two middle pens became inadequate.They often left their children and lost all maternal abilities. One environment where the same thing that happened to the rats might happen to military personnel is in an overcrowded prison. It was found in a very crowded prison where each inmate has roughly 50 square feet, as opposed to one with more room, there were more cases of homicides, suicide, illness, and disciplinary problems. Crowding also has negative effects on problem-solving abilities. When in a small room thats crowded subjects had a more difficult time diagnoseening to a story and putting tighter a puzzle, then did another group with more space and the same tasks.Relaxing Your Fears AwayResearcher Josep h Wolpe was a research psychologist specializing in the systematic desensitisation treatment of neuroses. The word phobia comes from Phobos, the name of the Greek god of fear. Phobias are divided into three main categories. Simple phobias are phobias that involve irrational fears of animals or specific situations such as small spaces or heights. Social phobias are irrational fears about interaction with others. Agoraphobia is the irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space. These are all irrational and all can be treated in similar ways. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that was credited to Wolpe as perfecting and applying it to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is the way of unlearning a learned behavior. Reciprocal inhibition is when two responses inhibit each other, and only one may exist at a given moment. There are three steps that a patient mustiness follow in orderto exempt themselves of a phobia. Wolpe says that you cannot be in a deal relaxed state and have an irrational fear at the same time, so the first step is slackening.He taught the patient to go into a deep state of relaxation whenever they wanted or needed too. The process involves tensing and relaxing your muscles until you have reached a state of complete relaxation. Wolpe also incorporated hypnosis to ensure full relaxation. The next step in the process is for the therapist and patient to develop a list of high anxiety-producing situations involving your phobia. Starting with the least stressful and ending with the most stressful. The net stage is called the unlearning stage.The patient has to go into a deep state of relaxation and the therapist will prove off to you your fears of the list. If at any point you feel anxiety the therapist stops you return to your relaxation mode and the therapist will continue. This process continues until the therapist can go through the entire list with you feeling the least bit an xious. The success of their therapy was judged by the patients own reports and by the occasional direct observation. He had a success rate of 91% with the 39 cases he had. The average number of treatment sessions needed was 12.3. Wolpe said that he hasnt had any patient relapse after a complete desensitization recovery.Whos Crazy Here, Anyway?David L. Rosenhan conducted an experiment with sane people going into mental facilities claiming to hear voices, to see if the patients would be immediately released if acting entirely sane. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the situations in which the observers find the patients. Eight subjects including Rosenhan committed themselves to eight different mental hospitals. Each subject was completely sane and in perfect mental health. When committing themselves to the hospital they complained of hearing voices and all but one where admitted and on record a s having schizophrenia. Each patient once admitted, acted perfectly sane and showed no signs of schizophrenia nevertheless were treated as though they did have a mental illness throughout their entire stay. They were given medication which they disposed of and were not treated as normal people.It was as if because theywere in the mental hospital, they were automatically considered to not be a real human being. Rosenhans study demonstrated rather powerfully that normal patients cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the attitude of the mental setting has over the patients actual behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a place, there is a strong inclination for them to be viewed in ways that strip them of all individuality. This study surprises me. Im taken aback that these professionals that have worked with mentally ill patients cannot decipher between a truly mental patient and a completely mentally-hea lthy patient. It is extremely unprofessional that the staff member/nurse did at one of the facilities by adjusting her bra in front of patients as if they werent real people.thank For The MemoriesOne of the leading researchers in the area of memory is Elizabeth Loftus at the University of Washington. She has found that when an event is recalled it is not accurately recreated. Instead its whats called reconstructive memory. Loftus defines a presupposition as a condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense. For example, suppose that you have witnessed an automobile accident and I ask you, How many people were in the car that was speeding? The question presupposes that the car was speeding. One experiment done by Loftus was having students in small groups watch a car accident video that was about 1 minute long. After the film ended the students had to answer questions. For half the students the first question was How lush was car A going when it ran the stop sign ?The other students had a question that read How fast was car A going when I turned responsibility? The last question for both groups was Did you see the stop sign? In the group that had been asked about the stop sign 53% of the subjects said they aphorism a stop sign for car A, while only 35% in the turned right group claimed to have seen it. Based on these and other studies, Loftus argues that an accurate theory of memory and recall must include a process of reconstruction that occurs when new information is integrated into the original memory of an event. There is little doubt that in the course of criminal prosecutions, eye witness reports are subject to many sources oferror such as post event information integration.

Themed hotel

Themed hotel has al some fifty old age history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by bloody shame in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America. Themed hotels can satisfy customers eldritch and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many a(prenominal) history think themed hotels have emerged. Len Holman hotels have become more than and more competitive due to the drop In diversity.TLS oration selects many theme hotels both In China and other countries as human face of successful application of existential marketing to analysis and study,Len cast to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel In Holman. According to my research, I advice themed hotels In Human taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. Flirts,all faceless In hotel should be concentrate on the same theme. Second,hotels need to p ut emphasis on customers emotional needs. Told,alt Is real Important to permit hotel staff understand the true content of the hotel theme and do whatever It takes to exhibit he signification of the theme during their service. Themed hotel has almost fifty years history. Since the first themed hotel was established in California by Madonna in 1958,it has been developed into on of the most typical theme hotels in America.Themed hotels can satisfy customers spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels OTOH in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to provide marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna.According to my research, I advice the med hotels in Hanna taking the following measures to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. First,all facilities in hotel should be think on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the tool theme and do whatever it takes to express the meaning of the theme during their service.BY Iroquois spiritual and emotional needs,it has been introduced in China in 2001 . During the following ten years many history related themed hotels have emerged. Len Hanna hotels have become more and more competitive due to the lack in diversity. This dissertation selects many theme hotels both in China and other countries as case of successful application of experiential marketing to analysis and study,in order to roved marketing strategies for the further development of the themed hotel in Hanna.According to my research, I advice themed hotels in Hanna taking the following measu res to ensure a more sustainable and prosperous future. First,all facilities in hotel should be focused on the same theme. Second,hotels need to put emphasis on customers emotional needs. Third,alt is very important to let hotel staff understand the true meaning of the hotel theme and do whatever it takes to express Themed hotels can satisfy customers spiritual and emotional needs,

Quantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications

ASSIGNMENTS Course CodeMS 08 Course TitleQuantitative Analysis for Managerial Applications Assignment No. MS-08/TMA/SEM-I/2013 CoverageAll Blocks business line Attempt all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. 1. A sum of 8550 is to be paid in 15 installments where each installment is 10 to a greater extent than the prior installment. Find the prototypical installment and the last installment. Let x = the original payment. The sequence of 15 payments is (1) x, x+10, x+20, x+30, , x+140 The sum of these 15 payments is 2) 15x + 10*(14*15/2) or (3) 15x + 1050 nowadays set (3) equal to the total sum to be made and place (4) 15x + 1050 = 8550 or (5) 15x = 7500 or (6) x = 500 The last payment in (1) is x + 140 or (7) 15th = 640 Answer The first payment is $500 and the last payment is $640. Ill leave it to you to add up the sequence of (1) to prove that our consequence is right. LOL 2. A salesman is go to be dn to sell a product in 3 out of 5 attempts. art object another salesman in 2 out of 5 attempts. Find the probability that a. No sales go forth happen b. Either of them will succeed in selling the productLet A be the event that the first salesman will sell the product and B be the event that the second salesman will sell the product. disposed (1) Probability that no sales will happen = P(A) ? P(B) (2) Probability that either of the salesman will succeed in selling the product = P(A) ? P(B) + P(A) ? P(B) 3. A hundred squash balls argon tested by dropping from a height of 100 inches and measuring the height of the bounce. A ball is fast if it rises above 32 inches. The sightly height of bounce was 30 inches and the measuring stick deviation was ? inches. What is the chance of getting a fast standard ball? T otal no. of observations N = 100 Mean,? 30inches Standard deviation, ? =3/4 inches=0. 75 inches judge x is the normal variable=32 inches 4. Explain the chi-squ be testing- (i ) as a test for independence of attributes, and (ii) as a test for goodness of fit. About the Chi-Square Test Generally speaking, the chi-square test is a statistical test use to examine differences with categorical variables. There are a number of features of the social world we characterize by means of categorical variables religion, political preference, etc. To examine hypotheses using such variables, use the chi-square test. The chi-square test is apply in deuce similar but distinct circumstances a. or estimating how closely an observed distribution matches an judge distribution well refer to this as the goodness-of-fit test b. for estimating whether devil random variables are independent. The Goodness-of-Fit Test One of the more interesting goodness-of-fit applications of the chi-square test is to examine issues of fairness and beguiler in games of chance, such as cards, dice, and roulette. Since such games usually involve wagering, there is signifi batcht incentive f or people to try to rig the games and allegations of missing cards, loaded dice, and adhesive roulette wheels are all too common.So how can the goodness-of-fit test be used to examine cheating in gambling? It is easier to describe the process through an example. Take the example of dice. Most dice used in wagering defecate six sides, with each side having a encourage of one, two, three, four, five, or six. If the die existence used is fair, then the chance of any particular number coming up is the same 1 in 6. However, if the die is loaded, then certain numbers will have a greater likeliness of appearing, while others will have a lower likelihood. One night at the Tunisian Nights Casino, far-famed gambler Jeremy Turner (a. k. a.The minute Master) is having a fantastic night at the craps table. In two hours of playing, hes racked up $30,000 in winnings and is showing no sign of stopping. Crowds are gathering around him to check his streak and The Missouri Master is telling a nyone within earshot that his good luck is due to the position that hes using the casinos lucky pair of bruiser dice, so named because one is total darkness and the other raunchy. Unbeknownst to Turner, however, a casino statistician has been quietly watching his rolls and marking down the values of each roll, noting the values of the black and blue dice separately.After 60 rolls, the statistician has become convinced that the blue die is loaded. Value on Blue DieObserved FrequencyExpected Frequency 11610 2510 3910 4710 5610 61710 Total6060 At first glance, this table would appear to be strong evidence that the blue die was, indeed, loaded. There are more 1s and 6s than expected, and fewer than the other numbers. However, its possible that such differences occurred by chance. The chi-square statistic can be used to estimate the likelihood that the values observed on the blue die occurred by chance. The key idea of the chi-square test is a comparison of observed and expected value s.How umpteen of something were expected and how many were observed in some process? In this case, we would expect 10 of each number to have appeared and we observed those values in the left column. With these sets of figures, we calculate the chi-square statistic as follows Using this formula with the values in the table above gives us a value of 13. 6. Lastly, to determine the significance level we need to know the degrees of freedom. In the case of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of terms used in conniving chi-square minus one.There were six terms in the chi-square for this problem therefore, the number of degrees of freedom is five. We then compare the value calculated in the formula above to a standard set of tables. The value returned from the table is 1. 8%. We interpret this as meaning that if the die was fair (or not loaded), then the chance of getting a ? 2 statistic as large or larger than the one calculated above is only 1. 8%. In other words, theres only a very slim chance that these rolls came from a fair die. The Missouri Master is in serious trouble. Testing IndependenceThe other primary use of the chi-square test is to examine whether two variables are independent or not. What does it mean to be independent, in this sense? It means that the two factors are not think. Typically in social science research, were interested in finding factors that are related education and income, occupation and prestige, age and voting behavior. In this case, the chi-square can be used to assess whether two variables are independent or not. More generally, we say that variable Y is not correlated with or independent of the variable X if more of one is not associated with more of another.If two categorical variables are correlated their values tend to move together, either in the same direction or in the opposite. Example Return to the example discussed at the introduction to chi-square, in which w e want to know whether boys or girls get into trouble more often in inculcate. Below is the table documenting the percentage of boys and girls who got into trouble in school Got in TroubleNo TroubleTotal Boys4671117 Girls3783120 Total83154237 To examine statistically whether boys got in trouble in school more often, we need to trap the question in terms of hypotheses.