Stanley V. Illinois Essay Example For Students

Stanley V. Illinois Essay Stanley v. Illinois92 S.Ct. 1208 (1972)Nature of Case: The plaintiff is Peter Stanley. He said that his rights to equal protection of the law under the 14th Amendment have been violated. He believes that the Illinois law that makes children of unwed fathers wards of the state upon death of the mother violated his rights. Facts: Joan and Peter Stanley lived intermittently together for 18 years, in which they had 3 children. When Joan Stanley died, Stanleys children were declared wards of the state and placed with court appointed guardians after a dependency hearing by the State of Illinois. Stanley claimed that he had never been shown to be an unfit parent. He believed that since married fathers and unwed mothers could not be deprived of their children without proving this, neither should he. The Illinois Supreme Court accepted the fact that Peter Stanleys unfitness had not been proven but rejected that he was deprived of his rights under the 14th amendment. We will write a custom essay on Stanley V. Illinois specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Issue: Did the State of Illinois violate the Equal Protection Clause when it denied Peter Stanley a hearing on his fitness to keep his children?Holding: Yes, a hearing is guaranteed by equal protection under the law, for both married fathers and unwed mothers unwed fathers. Rule:1. Justice White, speaking for the majority believes that the decision in this case is similar to Bell v. Burson, in which held that the state could not deprive a person of there drivers license pertaining to a speeding violation without a hearing. He stated: The states interest in caring for Stanleys children is de minimis if Stanley is shown to be a fit father. It insists on presuming rather than proving Stanleys unfitness solely because it is more convenient to presume than to prove. 2. They concluded that all Illinois parents are constitutionally entitled to a hearing on their fitness before their children are removed from their custody.Denying such a hearing to Stanley and those like him while granting it to other Illinois parents is inescapably contrary to the Equal Protection Clause. 3. The rule of law that justifies the holding of the case is: It is cardinal with us that the custody, care, and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose primary function and f reedom include preparation for obligations the state may neither supply nor hinder (Prince v. Mass.). 4. The integrity of the family unit has found protection in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Ninth Amendment. We observed that the State registers no gain towards its declared goals when it separates children from the custody of fit parents. 5. Indeed, if Stanley is a fit father, the state spites its own articulated goals when it needlessly separates him from his family.One might fairly say of the Bill of Rights in general, and the Due Process Clause in particular, that they were designed to protect the fragile values of a vulnerable citizenry from the overbearing concern for efficiency and efficacy that may characterize praiseworthy government officials no less, and perhaps more, the mediocre ones.Words/ Pages : 536 / 24

A History of The Rolling Stones

A History of The Rolling Stones The longest-performing rock band of all time, the Rolling Stones have greatly influenced rock and roll throughout the decades. Beginning as part of the British Rock Invasion of the 1960s, the Rolling Stones quickly became the â€Å"bad-boy† band with an image of sex, drugs, and wild behavior. After five decades together, the Rolling Stones have amassed eight #1 singles and ten consecutive gold albums. Dates: 1962-Present Also Known As: The Stones Original Members: Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonicaKeith Richards - guitar, backing vocalsCharlie Watts - drumsBrian Jones - guitar, harmonica, sitar, backing vocalsIan Stewart - pianoBill Wyman - bass guitar, backing vocals Current Members: Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonicaKeith Richards – guitarCharlie Watts – drumsRon Wood - bass guitar Overview   The Rolling Stones were a British band, begun in the early 1960s, influenced by American rhythm and blues artists such as Little Richard, Chuck Berry, and Fats Domino, as well as jazz musician Miles Davis. However, the Rolling Stones eventually created their own sound by experimenting with instruments and writing rhythm and blues mixed with rock and roll. When the Beatles hit international stardom in 1963, the Rolling Stones were right on their heels. While the Beatles became known as the good-boy band (influencing pop rock), the Rolling Stones became known as the bad-boy band (influencing blues-rock, hard rock, and grunge bands). Important Friendships In the early 1950s, Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were elementary-school classmates in Kent, England, until Jagger went to a different school. Nearly a decade later, their friendship was rekindled after a chance encounter at a train station in 1960. While Jagger was on his way to the London School of Economics where he was studying accounting, Richards was commuting to Sidcup Art College where he was studying graphic art. Since Jagger had a couple of Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records under his arm when they met, talk quickly turned to music. They discovered that Jagger had been singing adolescent â€Å"love frustration† songs in underground clubs in London while Richards had been playing the guitar since the age of 14. The two young men once again became friends, creating a partnership that has kept the Rolling Stones together for decades. Looking for an outlet to try out their musical talent, Jagger and Richards, plus another young musician named Brian Jones, began to occasionally play in a band named Blues Incorporated (the first electric RB band in Britain). The band embraced aspiring young musicians with an interest in this type of music, allowing them to perform in cameo appearances. This is where Jagger and Richards met Charlie Watts, who was the drummer for Blues Incorporated. Forming the Band Soon, Brian Jones decided to start his own band. To get started, Jones placed an advertisement in Jazz News on May 2, 1962, inviting musicians to audition for a new RB group. Pianist Ian â€Å"Stu† Stewart was the first to respond. Then Jagger, Richards, Dick Taylor (bass guitar), and Tony Chapman (drums) joined as well. According to Richards, Jones named the band while on the phone trying to book a gig. When asked for a band name, Jones glanced down at a Muddy Waters LP, saw one of the tracks named â€Å"Rollin’ Stone Blues† and said, â€Å"Rollin’ Stones.† The new band, named Rollin’ Stones and led by Jones, played their first performance at the Marquee Club in London on July 12, 1962. The Rollin’ Stones soon secured a residency at the Crawdaddy Club, bringing in younger audiences who were looking for something new and exciting. This new sound, a renaissance of blues performed by young British musicians, had kids standing on the tables, rocking, dancing, and shouting to the sound of electric guitars with a provocative singer. Bill Wyman (bass guitar, backing vocals) joined in December 1962, replacing Dick Taylor who went back to college. Wyman wasn’t their first choice, but he had an amplifier the band desired. Charlie Watts (drums) joined the following January, replacing Tony Chapman who left for another band. The Rolling Stones Cut a Record Deal In 1963, the Rollin’ Stones signed with a manager named Andrew Oldham, who had been helping to promote the Beatles. Oldham saw the Rollin’ Stones as the â€Å"anti-Beatles† and decided to promote their bad-boy image to the press. Oldham also changed the spelling of the band’s name by adding a â€Å"g,† making it â€Å"Rolling Stones† and changed Richards’ last name to Richard (which Richard later changed back to Richards). Also in 1963, the Rolling Stones cut their first single, Chuck Berry’s â€Å"Come On.† The song hit #21 on the UK singles chart. The Stones appeared on the TV show, Thank Your Lucky Stars, to perform the song while wearing matching houndstooth jackets to appease television producers. Their second hit single, â€Å"I Wanna Be Your Man,† written by the Lennon-McCartney songwriting duo of the Beatles, reached #12 on the UK chart. Their third single, Buddy Holly’s â€Å"Not Fade Away,† hit #3 on the same chart. This was their first American hit that went to #48 on the American chart. Parents Hate the Stones The press turned an eye toward the Rolling Stones, a group of brash punks upsetting the status quo by playing black music to young white audiences. A March 1964 article in the British weekly Melody Maker titled, â€Å"Would You Let Your Sister Go With a Stone,† created such a stir that 8,000 kids showed up at the Rolling Stones’ next gig. The band decided the press was good for their popularity and thus purposely started shenanigans such as growing their hair and wearing casual, mod-style (modified) suits to receive more media attention. The Rolling Stones Roll into America Becoming too big to perform in clubs by early 1964, the Rolling Stones went on a British tour. In June 1964, the band rolled into America to perform concerts and to record at Chess Studios in Chicago as well as the Hollywood RCA Studios, where they captured the vibrant, earthy sound they desired due to better acoustics. Their American concert in San Bernardino, California, was well received by excited schoolboys and screaming schoolgirls, even without a major hit record in the States. But the Midwest concerts proved spotty because no one had heard of them. Crowds picked up again at the New York concert. Once back in Europe, the Rolling Stones released their fourth single, Bobby Womack’s â€Å"It’s All Over Now,† which they had recorded in America at Chess Studios. A fanatical Stones cult began to form after the song hit #1 on the UK charts. It was their very first #1 hit. Jagger and Richards Start Writing Songs Oldham urged Jagger and Richards to start writing their own songs, but the duo found that writing blues was harder than they expected. Instead, they ended up writing a type of morphed blues-rock, a hybrid of blues with a heavier melody than improvisation. On their second trip to America in October 1964, the Rolling Stones performed on the Ed Sullivan TV show, changing the words to â€Å"Let’s Spend the Night Together† (written by Richards and Jagger) to â€Å"Let’s Spend Some Time Together† due to censorship. That same month they appeared in the concert film the T.A.M.I. Show in Santa Monica, California, with James Brown, the Supremes, Chuck Berry, and the Beach Boys. Both venues greatly improved their American exposure and Jagger began to mimic the moves of James Brown. Their Mega Hit The Rolling Stones’ 1965 mega-hit, â€Å"(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,† with Richards’ fuzz-guitar riff designed to imitate the sound of a horn section, hit #1 worldwide. Their musical attitude, a mixture of rebellion and irreverence using urgent guitars, tribal drums, forceful harmonicas, and sexually tensed vocals, seduced the young and alarmed the old. When the Rolling Stones had another #1 hit, â€Å"Paint It Black,† the following year, they had begun to secure their rock-star status. Although Brian Jones had started the band, the leadership of the Rolling Stones shifted to Jagger and Richards once they had proved themselves to be a strong songwriting team. Drugs, Death, and Citations By 1967, the members of the Rolling Stones were living like rock-stars, which meant they were abusing a lot of drugs. It was in that year that Richards, Jagger, and Jones were all charged with possession of drugs (and given suspended sentences). Unfortunately, Jones was not only addicted to drugs; his mental health spiraled out of control. By 1969, the rest of the band members could no longer tolerate Jones, so he left the band on June 8. Just a few weeks later, Jones drowned in his swimming pool on July 2, 1969. By the late 1960s, the Rolling Stones had become the bad boys they had once promoted themselves to be. Their concerts from this period, filled with teenagers from the growing counterculture movement (young people experimenting with communal living, music, and drugs), were raucous enough to lead to a number of citations against the Rolling Stones for causing concert violence. Jagger’s Nazi goose-stepping onstage didn’t help. Rolling Stones Gather No Moss in the 70s, 80s, and 90s By the early 1970s, the Rolling Stones were a controversial group, banned from many countries and exiled from Britain in 1971 for not paying their taxes. The Stones fired their manager Allen Klein (who had taken over from Oldham in 1966) and started their own record label, Rolling Stones Records. The Rolling Stones continued to write and record music, mixing in punk and disco genres inspired by new band member Ron Woods. Richards was arrested in Toronto for heroin trafficking, resulting in legal limbo for 18 months; he was subsequently sentenced to perform a benefit concert for the blind. Richards then quit heroin. During the early 1980s, the band experimented with the new-wave genre, but members began to pursue solo careers due to creative differences. Jagger wanted to continue experimenting with contemporary sounds, and Richards wanted to stay rooted in blues. Ian Stewart suffered a fatal heart attack in 1985. In the late 80s, The Rolling Stones realized they were stronger together. They chose to reunite and announced a new album. By the end of the decade, the Rolling Stones were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. In 1993, Bill Wyman announced his retirement. The Stones’ Voodoo Lounge album won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995 and prompted a world tour. Jagger and Richards agreed that their drifting in the 80s attributed to their success in the 90s. They believe that had they stayed together, they would have broken up. The Stones Keep On Rollin into the New Millennium The Rolling Stones have endured waxing and waning popularity over the decades. While band members are now in their sixties and seventies in the new millennium, they still perform, tour, and record. In 2003, Jagger was knighted to Sir Michael Jagger, causing another riff between himself and Richards, especially, according to Richards, because the band’s message had always been anti-establishment. There was also a public outcry that questioned the appropriateness of knighting a former British tax exile. Documentaries regarding the band’s exceptionally long and controversial career capture the counterculture movement, perfecting the technology of recording records, and flamboyantly performing to live audiences. The band’s lips and tongue logo, designed by John Pasche in the 70s (a symbol of their anti-establishment message), is one of the most identifiable band icons in the world.

Should there be laws limiting the paparazzi Research Paper

Should there be laws limiting the paparazzi - Research Paper Example These laws are often meant to be punitive in nature, and this is because it is believed that the paparazzi have taken matter to extremes through their ensuring that they get shots of celebrities living their lines. One thing which is not often considered by lawmakers when making anti-paparazzi laws is the fact that most of these individuals only get involved in such behaviour because of the popular demand from the public, to see the private lives of their favourite celebrities. It has been stated that the paparazzi has to be contained because of the belief that they adversely affect the lives of celebrities and their families, who would otherwise prefer to live private lives. The fact that quite a number of celebrities have ended up having accidents or even losing their lives as they attempted to escape the paparazzi are among the reasons why laws to curb paparazzi activities have been instituted. Most countries in the developed world are taking what is considered to be the paparazzi menace seriously, and they have come to put laws in place which have the intention of ensuring that celebrities and other important people are kept safe from the paparazzi (Neeley 36). The justification for such arguments have been found wanting and this is because many of the celebrities who the laws are meant to protect, while they deserve their privacy, also need to understand that they cannot avoid the consequences of their fame. The paparazzi have been blamed for the death of Princess Diana, who, it is claimed, was attempting to escape them when the accident that killed her took place (Hindman 666). The strength of such arguments has been based on what can only be considered to be falsehood because while the paparazzi might have been following Princess Diana, it was not they who caused her accident. On the contrary, it was her decision to run away from them which led to the accident that took her life. Thus, the laws limiting the paparazzi based on this argument can, therefore , be said to be unconvincing and an injustice on the paparazzi since they have a right to do their work under the protection of media freedom. One of the advantages of laws limiting the paparazzi that have been propagated is that they are meant to protect celebrities from the irresponsible behaviour of the paparazzi (Moreham 606). This has created a situation where almost all the actions carried out by the paparazzi has been found to be irresponsible, and this is despite the fact that it is the best way through which they can do their work. As a consequence, in many countries in the western world, the ability of the paparazzi to competently do their work and satisfy the demand for the photographs of individual’s celebrities from all over the world has been curtailed. Instead, the large scale attempt to muzzle the paparazzi has resulted in the destruction of media freedoms as guaranteed by the laws of almost all the states in the developed world (Komperda 25). It can be said t hat the passing of laws intended to curb the activities of the paparazzi is the first step in a process which is meant to limit the freedoms of media all over the world. It is a process which, despite the good intentions to protect the private lives of celebrities by lawmakers, might have a disastrous effect not only on the paparazzi, but also individuals all

Theatre history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theatre history - Essay Example One of these elevated stages will represent Olivia’s house and will be found at the upper right side of the arena. The lower stage, a foot lower from the other, represents the front of her house. At the extreme right of the lower stage looks like an alley where characters enters and the other end where they exit. Lights flood the stage as each character enters and delivers his or her lines. We see gothic designs in the facades (I suggest that it would be a minimalist stage, perhaps columns to represent the foundations of Olivia’s house and steps that lead to the front of her house). A tree or two (short-growing trees or shrubs, may be placed at one or opposite ends of opposite sides of the road, perhaps some props resembling a hawthorn tree, with apple-shaped, bright red resemblance of its fruit hanging on its branches). Most likely, this part of the play will take place later in the evening, perhaps a little after dinner time, that we will observe characters in the play are like having their relaxing time, in one of the dialogues Olivia reveals that she and Sebastian (mistaken as his twin Viola, who will disguise herself as Cesario) have just been married a couple of hours ago, and Toby will later be seen already drunk. Colorful medieval costumes that are common during the Elizabethan and the Renaissance theatre will be seen worn by the actors, except for Malvolio who should be wearing all black which is evocative of his character’s mood throughout the play. Music is an element predominantly present throughout the play; it is through music that the love of Orsino is magnified, the irony as well as comedy is amplified in the portrayals of Feste, Malvolio and his tricksters, and in the drunkenness and merriment of Sir Toby Belch. Music, as one of the underlying themes of the play suggests the comic as well as the tragic episodes or scenes in the play. Fast music is played every now and then, which becomes louder when a climactic episode is

Essay Example for Free

Essay Most people think â€Å"we† are becoming more equal through out history. Although, the reality is that we repeat history. Between class, gender, and race the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. With that being said I will introduce five facts that reflect social construct relating to class, gender and race in America. Class is a set of concepts that society has created to measure ones income, wealth, and status. While, there is not a direct definition of class it is a huge aspect of the way we live our lives. I will break down class within the way society measures it. Income is based on the particular money or revenue an employee is bringing home. Meaning wealth is significantly associated with income plus the material things an individual owns; for example expensive cars, land, or any ownership that shows fortune. In theory, status is the exemplification of inheritance, for example a family business, a home or even something as small as jewelry. The Daily Conversation displays a visual by a Harvard business professor whom interviewed five thousand people on their view of wealth inequality in America (YouTube, 2014). As shown in the YouTube video Wealth Inequality In America Daily Conversation proves that society has no authentic awareness on the way wealth is spread among the American people. Out of the five thousand Americans interviewed they thought that the top twenty percent of wealthy people were almost as half the amount of high-middle, middle, and poor class wealth. Ninety-two percent of those people think the ideal wealth should be dispensed nearly equally among the top twenty percent wealthy and middle class with a less portion to the poor class. In reality the top twenty percent of wealthy Americans are roughly three-fourths the wealth compared to the middle and lower class. As mentioned in the article Mobility, measured it shows that â€Å"America is no less socially mobile than it was a generation ago† (The Economist, 2014). The image showed before the article displays a triple bunk bed related to the differences’ between social class constructions. On the top bunk posi tioned the wealthy percent of the population with only two characters, a man and woman. Underneath the middle class is placed then demonstrated as the educated. Next the poor or lower class is detained in a filthy and packed environment. On the sides of the bunk bed are ladders. On the left is a character that seems to be educated and excited to move up the ladder to the top wealthy percentile. Also on the left another educated character is  falling off the ladder showing the immobilization of society. There are many reasons why social mobility is decreasing over the years. Such as the correlation between parents and children, â€Å"†¦the odds that a child born into the bottom fifth of the income distribution will climb all the way up to the top fifth† (The Economist, 2014) is nearly unmanageable. Statistics show that this correlation has not altered over years. Although there is evidence that mobilization is lessening, Americans still believe that the lower class has a chance at climbing the ladder and succeeding, just as mentioned in the YouTube video previously. It may seem nevertheless that class is the only contribution to each individual’s well-being but everyone has intersectionality in society. Class, gender and race include all aspects of who we are and where we are placed among the spectrum. Gender roles are a huge democracy in today’s American society. Yet, they are different in all types of cultures in different parts of the world. It was simply that the women was a housewife and contributed to the man of the household and children as her job. Furthermore the men’s job was to work and bring home the income. Society presents these different types of roles through everyday media. The cheery blossom market mentioned in the YouTube video Medias portrayal of gender roles shows little girls grocery shopping and cooking like women roles should be, so why not learn early? Not to mention the Tonka Pods that are small construction toys to show little boys where they are expected to work (YouTube, 2014). Though parents might think toys are just for children to play with, those â€Å"toys† are molding them for the future. Toys such as Baby Alive or the American Girl dolls, give the perception that its okay for young ladies to have children and that its their role to take care of the child, because they are a the woman. On the a web page called women in advertisements and body image illustrate an image with a woman on the floor seeming to be looking a Christmas card. In the caption of the advertisement it states â€Å" Christmas morning she will be happier with a hoover† this statement undergoes the housewife role. Studies of advertisements in a variety of mens, womens, and general interest magazines have categorized women in various roles: housewife, decorative element, sex object, and dependent on men† (Zimmerman Dahlberg, 71). With the intention of grabbing the man or woman’s attraction to the product based on their gender roles, thus their interest. In addition, race is the  greatest influential on society. Well what exactly is race? Race is grouping of entities that believed to share joint inborn biological characteristics. To start from the beginning slave codes where set to govern slaves, black people. Once it became unconstitutional the black codes where then placed, which are regulations that only affected blacks. As stated before the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. Meaning black codes where only the recreated, yet name change of slave codes. Ne xt the Jim Crow laws were assigned setting segregation status between whites and blacks. Although these laws are not placed today and are considered unconstitutional statistics show that blacks are still the underdogs. The likelihood that a black defendant with a white victim will be prosecuted is significantly more than a white defendant and a black victim. Race has physical and cultural social construction. Physical differences cause the cultural differences. For example within the African American culture there is a battle between the light skin and dark skin men and women. In the Race In Hollywood: Black Actresses Weigh In On The Light Skin Vs. Dark Skin Debate (VIDEO) successful actresses and the lovely Oprah discuses the topic of dark and lighter skin people in the same race. Oprah asked if the actresses wherever denied a part, because it was for the â€Å"prettier black girl, even from their own people† and two mentioned yes (The Huffington Post, 2014). Gabrielle Union mentioned in the video that dark and light skin girls go to clubs and promote against each other. From experience I have personality been a victim of the dark and light skin discrimination. Things like â€Å"our pretty for a dark skin girl† or even â€Å"your dark skin makeup sets well† are a few slurs African American females through at each other. As for the African American race to be the most victimized it is astonishing that there would be hatred against each other. Also, said in the Oprah interview some believe this is the aftermath of slavery that African Americans are still mad, hurt and are continuing to battle against one another because of it. Do you think â€Å"we† are becoming more equal through out history? Although, the reality is that we repeat history. Between class, gender, and race the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. After showing the massive class misconception and non-mobility, gender roles, race against race, yet also against same racial group how well is our society creating a equal nation. References The Economist,. Mobility, measured, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595437-america-no-less-socially-mobile-it-was-generation-ago-mobility-measured. The Huffington Post,. WATCH: Actresses Tackle The Light Skin Vs. Dark Skin Debate, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/race-in-hollywood-light-dark-skin_n_3473707.html. Womeninads.weebly.com,. WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Overview, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://womeninads.weebly.com/index.html. YouTube,. Medias portrayal of gender roles, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2bYinZ6RX0. YouTube,. Wealth Inequality In America, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTj9AcwkaKM.

Analysis of Curiosity by Alastair Reid Essay -- Curiosity Poem Essays

"More likely the cat was just unlucky" (l. 1-2). In this narrative poem ?Curiosity?, by Alastair Reid, he gives a dissertation on cats and dogs. Cats are adventurous and dogs do not take chances. Reid uses symbols Have you ever heard the saying ?curiosity killed the cat? (l. 1)? and allegory to disclose the theme that life can be more fulfilling if one opens the door to new and different prospects. In ?Curiosity?, Reid describes the lives of cats and dogs as though they are everyday people. Cats, being the inquisitive ones, are willing to lead a life of risk-taking without weighing the consequences. ?Dogs say cats love too much, are irresponsible, are changeable, marry too many wives, desert their children, chill all dinner tables with tales of their nine lives.? (ll. 27-30). Cats feel...

Job Analysis and Job Design Essay

Job analysis—The procedure for determining the tasks and responsibilities of each a job, and the human attributes (in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities) required to perform the job. The outcomes of job analysis will be: Job description (what the job entails), Job specifications (what the human requirements are needed for the job). Job analysis is something called the cornerstone of HRM, because the outcomes of job analysis (job descriptions and job specifications) are the basis for most of the interrelated HRM activities, including recruitment and selection, HR planning, training, performance appraisal, pay and benefits, health and safety, labour relation, and so on (you can think about more areas). The Phases and Steps in Job Analysis Phase One: Preparation for job analysis 1. Step 1: Familiarize with the organization and its jobs 2. Step 2: Determine uses of job analysis information 3. Step 3: Select representative jobs to be analysis. Phase 2: Collection of job analysis information 4. Step 4: Determine sources of job data (Human and nonhuman sources) 5. Step 5: Data collection instrument design (Job analysis schedules) 6. Step 6: Choice of method for data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire, etc.) 7. Step 7: Develop a job descriptions and job specifications. Phases 3: Use of Job analysis Information (for other HR management areas) Methods of Collecting Job Analysis Information Collecting job analysis data usually involves a joint effort by an HR specialist, the incumbent, and the jobholder’s supervisor. Job analysis techniques can be categorized into 2 groups: Qualitative methods and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods mainly include 1) Interview, including individual interview, group interview, and supervisory interview 2) Questionnaires—having employees fill out questionnaires to describe the job related information (See Figure 2-4, P. 62-63 of the text) 3) Observation it is useful when jobs consist mainly of observable physical activities. 4) Participant diary/log – Asking employees to keep a diary/log or a list of what they do during the day. Quantitative methods mainly include 1) Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Very structured job analysis questionnaire Contains 194 items, each of which represents a basic element Provides quantitative job score on five dimensions of job requirements: having decision-making, communication, or social responsibilities performing skilled activities being physical active operating vehicles/equipment processing information Results from PAQ can be used to compare jobs and help determine appropriate pay level. 2) Functional Job Analysis (FJA), a quantitative job analysis method for classifying jobs based on : types and amounts of responsibilities for three functions: data, people, and things the extent to which instructions, reasoning judgment verbal/language facilities required It also identifies performance standards and training requirements. 3) The National Occupational Classification (NOC) –See P. 67-68 of the text Complied by the Human Resources Development Canada An excellent source of standardized job analysis information, containing comprehensive description of approximately 20,000 occupations. A reference tool for writing job descriptions and job specification It’s counseling component: Career Handbook. Classifying system of NOC (See the website: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/jobs/lmi/noc/index.shtml) Major group –identified by two digital numbers. Minor group –identified by one digital number Unit group –identified by one digital number Writing Job Descriptions A job description needs to tell: What the jobholder actually does, How he or she does it, and Under what conditions the job is performed The 6 Basic Element of Job Description (See example in Figure2-6, P. 66 of the text): 1) Job identification Job title Department Report to Job status 2) Job summary—describing the nature of the job, listing only its major functions or activities. 3) Duties and responsibilities 4) Authority 5) Performance standards 6) Working conditions Writing Job Specification The 6 basic element of job specification: 1) Job identification * 2) Job summary * Skill factors: Experience 3) Specific skills Education level 4) Effort factors Physical demands Mental demands 5) Working conditions * Notes: items with a â€Å"*† can be the same and combined with those in job descriptions. Job Design Job Design—the process of systematically organizing work into tasks required to perform a job Job Design Considerations (also refer to PowerPoint slides) Organizational considerations Ergonomic considerations Employee considerations (considering human behavioual aspects) Environmental considerations In the history of job design, people usually follow two schools of thinking: 1) To simply the jobs. This practice emphasizes the efficiency of production but pays concern in workers’ well-being 2) To enrich the jobs. This practice emphasizes both efficiency and workers’ needs and well-being The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) To understand this model, we need to understand the basic dimensions and  their relationship to psychological states and work outcomes –See Page 77-78 of the text. The 3 critical psychological states The basic theory underlying the model is that desirable outcomes both for the person, in terms of internal satisfaction and motivation, and for the organization, in terms of high quality performance and low absenteeism and turnover, will result only if the worker can achieve three critical psychological status: 1. The work must be experienced as meaningful, worthwhile, or important. 2. The worker must experience that he or she is personally responsible for the work outcome, that is, accountable for the product of his or her efforts. 3. The worker must be able to determine in some regular and reliable way how his or her efforts are coming out, what results are achieved, and whether or not they are satisfactory. The core job characteristics are then derived by observing what kinds of job characteristics are more or less likely to lead to the desired psychological states. The 5 Core Job Characteristics 1) Skill variety – using different skill and talents to complete a variety of work activities. 2) Task identity – the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work. 3) Task significance – the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the organization and /or larger society. 4) Autonomy – the degree to which a job gives employees the freedom, independence, and discretion to schedule their work and determine the procedures to be used to complete the work. 5) Job feedback – the degree to which employees can tell how well they are doing based on direct sensory information from the job itself. The Relationship between the above Theories and Management Strategies can be reflexed by various job design strategies as listed below: Strategies for enriching jobs: Based on the Job Characteristics Model, we can employ the job design strategies of: Job rotation –arrange employees to rotate to different job  during a certain period of time. Job enlargement- put more related tasks into a job to make it larger. Job enrichment- let employees have more autonomy and involve in thinking aspects of the jobs. Employee involvement and work teams Use of job families in HR Decisions Increasing job flexibility –cognitively complex, more team-based, more dependent on social skills and technological competence, time pressured, mobile, and less dependent on geography Self-study requirements: Read Chapters 2 and 3 of text Visit the website of National Occupational Classification